Federal · New Jersey · Democratic

Cory A. Booker

Democrat U.S. Senator for New Jersey.

Voted further left than 99% of the Senate, based on 862 roll-call votes this Congress.4

LeftRight

Each tick is a member of the Senate. Scores are DW-NOMINATE, a standard measure computed from every recorded vote by Voteview at UCLA.

On the record

Office
U.S. Senator for New Jersey1
Party
Democratic1
In this office since
October 31, 20131
Term ends
January 3, 20271
Contact
Official website · 202-224-3224 · X / Twitter · Facebook · YouTube · Instagram1
On the ballot
U.S. Senate, New Jersey (2026)3

What they say and what they did

Their stated positions, quoted from their website, next to their record in the 119th Congress (2025–26): bills they sponsored and how they voted on bills' final passage.

  • 103 bills sponsored, 0 became law · 584 cosponsored5
  • Voted on 53 of 56 final votes on bills; missed 36
  • Committees: Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship; Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry; Senate Committee on Foreign Relations; Senate Committee on the Judiciary2

Economy and jobs

What they say

  • Supports rewarding work through higher wages and better benefits for all Americans.

    “Cory has advocated for innovative policy measures to reward work through higher wages and better benefits, advance entrepreneurship and innovation in every corner of the country, and crack down on the soaring cost of rent and predatory practices like overdraft fees and outsourcing, that disproportionately hurt low-income Americans.”7
  • Supports providing every American seed money at birth to fight intergenerational poverty.

    “He is also the author of landmark “baby bonds” legislation to fight intergenerational poverty and the enormous racial wealth gap by providing every American seed money at birth.”7

What they did

  • Sponsored 7 and cosponsored 70 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S.J.Res. 154: A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection relating to the withdrawal of the rule relating to "Equal Credit Opportunity (Regulation B); Revocations or Unfavorable Changes to the Terms of Existing Credit Arrangements". Motion to proceed to consideration of measure rejected in Senate by Voice Vote. (consideration: CR S2270)
  • Sponsored S. 4454: Firearm Safety Act of 2026 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
  • Sponsored S. 4434: CLEAN Mergers Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
  • Voted Yea on H.R. 228: Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2027Bill Passed 90–6, August 8, 20268
  • Voted Nay on H.R. 20: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026Bill Passed 71–29, January 30, 20269
  • Voted Nay on H.R. 11: Commerce, Justice, Science; Energy and Water Development; and Interior and Environment Appropriations Act, 2026Bill Passed 82–15, January 15, 202610
  • Voted Nay on H.R. 618: Continuing Appropriations, Agriculture, Legislative Branch, Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Extensions Act, 2026Bill Passed 60–40, November 10, 202511
  • Voted Yea on S.J.Res. 600: A joint resolution terminating the national emergency declared to impose global tariffs.Joint Resolution Passed 51–47, October 30, 202512

Taxes

What they say

  • Supports expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit and the Child Tax Credit.

    “He championed the expansion of theEarned Income Tax Credit and the Child Tax Credit, which benefited tens of millions of everyday American families, covering almost 90 precent of children, and cut child poverty nearly in half.”7

What they did

  • Sponsored 3 and cosponsored 37 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 5553: Transit-Oriented Housing Development Act of 2026 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance.
  • Sponsored S. 4042: Keep Your Pay Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance.
  • Sponsored S. 1697: RAISE Act of 2025 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance.
  • Voted Yea on H.J.Res. 151: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Internal Revenue Service relating to "Gross Proceeds Reporting by Brokers That Regularly Provide Services Effectuating Digital Asset Sales".Joint Resolution Passed 70–28, March 26, 202513
  • Voted Yea on S.J.Res. 102: A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Internal Revenue Service relating to "Gross Proceeds Reporting by Brokers That Regularly Provide Services Effectuating Digital Asset Sales".Joint Resolution Passed 70–27, March 4, 202514

Health care

What they say

  • Supports protecting the Affordable Care Act and building upon it to increase access and lower costs.

    “Throughout his time in the Senate, he has been a leader in the fight to protect the Affordable Care Act, while also championing proposals to build upon the law, increase access to care, and lower costs.”15
  • Supports integrating food into healthcare to prevent and treat diet-related diseases.

    “Cory has been advocating for greater integration of Food as Medicine – programs that integrate the power of food to prevent and treat diet-related diseases – into healthcare.”15
  • Supports improving maternal health, including permanent postpartum Medicaid coverage.

    “He is also committed to improving maternal health, leading the Black Maternal Health Momnibus in the Senate and advocating for permanent postpartum Medicaid coverage.”15
  • Supports expanding research and access to addiction treatment.

    “As one of the Senate’s strongest proponents for improving health equity, Cory has advanced efforts to expand research and public health activities for sickle cell disease, and increase access to addiction treatment.”15

What they did

  • Sponsored 23 and cosponsored 108 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 5627: John Lewis Equality in Medicare and Medicaid Treatment Act of 2026 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance.
  • Sponsored S. 5564: STOP Neglected Diseases of Poverty Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
  • Sponsored S. 5430: South Asian Heart Health Awareness and Research Act of 2026 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.

Immigration

What they say

  • Led colleagues in urging the Department of Health and Human Services to remove barriers for DACA recipients.

    “He also led colleagues in successfully urging the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to remove barriers that prevent DACA recipients from accessing health insurance through the ACA and CHIP.”16

What they did

  • Sponsored 4 and cosponsored 21 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 5325: Delaney Hall Closure Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.
  • Sponsored S. 4786: Governors’ Right to Inspect Act of 2026 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.
  • Sponsored S. 3702: Dignity for Detained Immigrants Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
  • Voted Nay on S. 163: Secure America ActBill Passed 52–47, June 5, 202617
  • Voted Nay on S. 7: Laken Riley ActBill Passed 64–35, January 20, 202518

Abortion

What they say

  • Supports ensuring access to reproductive health products, including medication abortion.

    “As a staunch supporter of access to reproductive health, Cory has introduced the Protecting National Access to Reproductive Care Act, which would affirm the FDA’s long standing preemptive authority over state law for all FDA-approved reproductive health products, including drugs used in medication abortion, helping to ensure that every American has access to the medication they need.”15

What they did

  • Sponsored 0 and cosponsored 2 bills on this issue5

Guns

What they say

  • No position found on their website.

What they did

  • Sponsored 0 and cosponsored 5 bills on this issue5

Energy and climate

What they say

  • Supports developing federal policies to protect all communities from pollution.

    “Cory believes all Americans should have access to clean water, clean air, and a healthy environment, which is why he is a leader in developing federal policies that protect all communities from pollution, particularly low-income communities, indigenous communities, and communities of color, which disproportionately bear the burden of environmental pollution and exploitation.”19
  • Cosponsors the Green New Deal to address climate change and inequities.

    “The existential threat of climate change is a threat to all and will exacerbate existing inequities unless we act boldly, which is why Cory is an original cosponsor of the Green New Deal.”19
  • Champions biodiversity protection and conservation of wildlife and ecosystems.

    “He is also a champion for biodiversity protection, and has led multiple efforts to protect and conserve iconic wildlife and ecosystems.”19

What they did

  • Sponsored 8 and cosponsored 30 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 3542: Upper Raritan River Watershed Wild and Scenic River Study Act of 2025 Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks. Hearings held.
  • Sponsored S. 4403: Neighborhood Tree Act of 2026 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.
  • Sponsored S. 4096: A bill to amend the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act to modify provisions relating to rural decentralized water systems grants. Read twice and referred to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.
  • Voted Nay on H.J.Res. 84: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management relating to Public Land Order No. 7917 for Withdrawal of Federal Lands; Cook, Lake, and Saint Louis Counties, MN.Joint Resolution Passed 50–49, April 16, 202620
  • Voted Nay on H.J.Res. 632: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management relating to Coastal Plain Oil and Gas Leasing Program Record of Decision.Joint Resolution Passed 49–45, December 4, 202521
  • Voted Nay on H.J.Res. 623: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management relating to Buffalo Field Office Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan Amendment.Joint Resolution Passed 51–43, November 20, 202522
  • Voted Nay on S.J.Res. 599: A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management relating to "National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska Integrated Activity Plan Record of Decision".Joint Resolution Passed 52–45, October 30, 202523
  • Voted Nay on H.J.Res. 560: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management relating to "Central Yukon Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan".Joint Resolution Passed 50–46, October 9, 202524

Education

What they say

  • Believes a student’s zip code should not determine their educational and economic trajectory.

    “Cory believes that a student’s zip code should not determine the educational and economic trajectory of their lives.”25
  • Wants all students to have access to a high-quality education.

    “During his time in the Senate, Cory has worked to ensure that all students have access to a high quality education.”25
  • Wants teachers and early childhood educators to receive resources and support.

    “Cory believes our nation’s teachers and early childhood educators must be given the resources and support they need to ensure educational outcomes forall students, particularly vulnerable students.”25
  • Would boost teacher compensation through refundable tax credits.

    “He introduced the RAISE Act, which would boost teacher compensation by as much as $15,000 through refundable tax credits.”25
  • Wants to increase enrollment and performance of underrepresented students in advanced courses.

    “He also introduced the Advanced Coursework Equity Act which would increase enrollment and performance of underrepresented students in advanced courses and programs.”25
  • Will champion initiatives that support teachers and bring the nation closer to educational equity.

    “In the Senate, Cory will continue championing initiatives that support teachers and bring our nation closer to educational equity.”25

What they did

  • Sponsored 11 and cosponsored 47 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 5566: Public Service Educational Assistance Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance.
  • Sponsored S. 5431: Diversify Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
  • Sponsored S. 4988: Advanced Coursework Equity Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.

Crime and policing

What they say

  • Worked to eliminate racial disparities in the criminal justice system and improve reentry outcomes for returning citizens.

    “In the Senate, Cory has worked to eliminate racial disparities in our criminal justice system and improve reentry outcomes for returning citizens.”26

What they did

  • Sponsored 15 and cosponsored 60 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 5376: FITNESS Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
  • Sponsored S. 5022: Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance.
  • Sponsored S. 4977: REDACT Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
  • Voted Nay on S. 127: HALT Fentanyl ActBill Passed 84–16, March 14, 202527

Foreign policy

What they say

  • Champions American democracy and brings attention to vulnerable people facing conflict and human rights abuses.

    “As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Cory hasworked to champion American democracy and bring attention to the most vulnerable people on the planet, including those suffering from ongoing conflict, famine, human rights abuses, and the effects of climate change.”28
  • Urges the international community to protect human rights during global food crises.

    “He is vocal in urging the international community to protect human rights, and during an unprecedented global food crisis, he has been a strong advocate for more robust food security assistance to those suffering from malnutrition and famine.”28
  • Works to increase diversity in the diplomatic corps and ensure diplomats represent American values.

    “He has spearheaded efforts to increase the diversity of our diplomatic corps and ensure our diplomats have all the tools they need to represent American values abroad.”28
  • Focuses on improving access to health services and strengthening health systems globally.

    “As chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy, Cory will focus on taking lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic to improve access to health services and strengthen health systems around the world.”28
  • Works to deepen relationships with African countries for a sustainable future.

    “He will also work to deepen and expand our relationships with countries across Africa to create opportunities and progress towards a sustainable future.”28

What they did

  • Sponsored 6 and cosponsored 39 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 4443: Eastern Mediterranean Gateway Act Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 509.
  • Sponsored S.J.Res. 183: A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities within or against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress. Read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations.
  • Sponsored S.J.Res. 118: A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities within or against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress. Motion to discharge Senate Committee on Foreign Relations rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 47 - 53. Record Vote Number: 58.
  • Voted Yea on H.R. 224: Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026Bill Passed 86–11, August 7, 202629

Social Security and Medicare

What they say

  • No position found on their website.

What they did

  • Sponsored 0 and cosponsored 15 bills on this issue5

Housing

What they say

  • No position found on their website.

What they did

  • Sponsored 2 and cosponsored 4 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 3537: Marijuana in Federally Assisted Housing Parity Act of 2025 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.
  • Sponsored S. 2463: Eviction Right to Counsel Act of 2025 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.
  • Voted Yea on H.R. 53: 21st Century ROAD to Housing ActBill Passed 89–10, March 12, 202630

Elections and voting

What they say

  • No position found on their website.

What they did

  • Sponsored 2 and cosponsored 32 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 5149: A bill to designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 16 Rev Dr Martin Luther King Drive in Willingboro, New Jersey, as the "James A. Cotten Post Office". Read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.
  • Sponsored S. 3776: The Federal Grant Neutrality Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
  • Voted Nay on H.J.Res. 37: Disapproving the action of the District of Columbia Council in approving the D.C. Income and Franchise Tax Conformity and Revision Temporary Amendment Act of 2025.Joint Resolution Passed 49–47, February 12, 202631
  • Voted Yea on S.J.Res. 654: A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Office of the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services relating to "Policy on Adhering to the Text of the Administrative Procedure Act".Joint Resolution Defeated 50–50, December 18, 202532

Technology and AI

What they say

  • No position found on their website.

What they did

  • Sponsored 1 and cosponsored 7 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 3809: AI Grand Challenges Act of 2026 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
  • Voted Nay on S.J.Res. 238: A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Federal Communications Commission relating to "Addressing the Homework Gap Through the E-Rate Program".Joint Resolution Passed 50–38, May 8, 202533

Civil rights

What they say

  • Supports ensuring all people can live free from discrimination regardless of their identity or status.

    “He is committed to ensuring all people can live free from discrimination, regardless of their race, ethnicity, national origin, sex, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, or immigration status.”16
  • Championed legislation affirming rights, including the Do No Harm Act, CROWN Act, Equality Act, and HOME Act.

    “Cory has championed numerous pieces of legislation affirming these rights, including the Do No Harm Act, CROWN Act, Equality Act, and HOME Act.”16
  • Authored legislation to prevent workplace discrimination against family caregivers.

    “He authored legislation to prevent workplace discrimination against family caregivers who are currently ineligible for any form of protection under federal law.”16

What they did

  • Sponsored 4 and cosponsored 16 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 2190: Fair Calculations in Civil Damages Act of 2025 Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
  • Sponsored S. 894: Do No Harm Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
  • Sponsored S. 751: CROWN Act of 2025 Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

Military and veterans

What they say

  • No position found on their website.

What they did

  • Sponsored 4 and cosponsored 36 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 5100: A bill to name the community-based outpatient clinic of the Department of Veterans Affairs in Newton, New Jersey, as the "Anthony 'Tony' J. Gallopo VA Clinic". Read twice and referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs.
  • Sponsored S. 4225: DOULA for VA Act of 2026 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs.
  • Sponsored S. 3449: NOTICE Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on Armed Services.
  • Voted Nay on S. 648: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026Motion Agreed to 77–20, December 17, 202534
  • Voted Nay on S. 570: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026Bill Passed 77–20, October 9, 202535

Drugs and addiction

What they say

  • No position found on their website.

What they did

  • Sponsored 1 and cosponsored 1 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 724: Temporary Extension of Fentanyl-Related Substances Scheduling Act Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.
  • Voted Nay on S. 163: Secure America ActBill Passed 52–47, June 5, 202617
  • Voted Nay on S. 127: HALT Fentanyl ActBill Passed 84–16, March 14, 202527

Farms and rural areas

What they say

  • No position found on their website.

What they did

  • Sponsored 4 and cosponsored 36 bills on this issue5
  • Sponsored S. 4391: Farmland for Farmers Act of 2026 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.
  • Sponsored S. 3860: Office of Small Farms Establishment Act of 2026 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.
  • Sponsored S. 3498: EQIP Improvement Act of 2025 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.

Money: U.S. Senate, New Jersey (2026)

As reported to the Federal Election Commission, through June 30, 2026.3

Raised$18.9M
Spent$7.0M
Cash on hand$23.1M
  • From individuals $13.9M
  • From PACs and other committees $501K
  • Other (transfers, loans, refunds) $4.5M

Gifts from people, by size36

Small gifts under $200 against the largest checks. People can give up to $3,500 per election.

  • Under $200 55%
  • $200–$499 5%
  • $500–$999 8%
  • $1,000–$1,999 11%
  • $2,000 and up 22%

Top PACs and committees giving directly37

Carpenters Legislative Improvement Committee United Brotherhood of Carpenters and JoinersConnected to United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America$10,000
American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO Committee on Political Education$10,000
M-pac$10,000
Hoops PACConnected to Wyden$10,000
Narragansett Bay PAC$10,000
People's Voice PACConnected to Tammy Baldwin Victory Committee$10,000
Forward Together PAC$10,000
Victory Now PACConnected to Van Hollen$10,000
Advancing Democracy and Mobilization PAC$10,000
Immigrants' List$10,000
Oceans PACConnected to Whitehouse$10,000
Follow the North Star Fund$10,000
Keystone America PAC$10,000
A New Direction PAC$10,000
American Mobilization PACConnected to Murphy$10,000

Individual donors

  • $5.5M from 63,358 itemized gifts38
  • 13% came from people in New Jersey38
  • 14% came from retired people38
  • Top states: California $1.1M, New York $836K, New Jersey $690K, Massachusetts $274K, Maryland $213K38

Where donors work38

Employers as donors wrote them on the form. These are gifts from people who work there, not from the companies.

Apollo Global Management11 gifts$30,800
Blackstone9 gifts$26,750
Apollo8 gifts$17,700
KBTV4 gifts$13,200
Prudential Financial6 gifts$13,000
Bain Capital4 gifts$12,800
Google28 gifts$12,046
Wells Fargo38 gifts$8,959
SV Angel4 gifts$8,200
Pachulski Stang Ziehl & Jones3 gifts$8,000
Prudential6 gifts$7,575
Analysis Group2 gifts$7,000
Approved Financial3 gifts$7,000
Arsenal Capital Partners2 gifts$7,000
Brown and Brown Insurance2 gifts$7,000

Sources

Every number on this page points here. Each one links to the public record.

  1. 1
    Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress: Cory A. Bookerhttps://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001288
    Retrieved October 16, 2026
  2. 2
    congress-legislators, current members (public domain)https://github.com/unitedstates/congress-legislators
    Listed as a source by congress-legislators
  3. 3
    FEC candidate record S4NJ00185https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S4NJ00185/
    Retrieved October 16, 2026
  4. 4
    Voteview (UCLA): DW-NOMINATE scores, 119th Congresshttps://voteview.com/data
    Retrieved October 16, 2026 · Free to use with credit
  5. 5
    GovInfo / Congress.gov bill status, 119th Congresshttps://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119
    Retrieved October 15, 2026 · Public domain
  6. 6
    Roll-call votes: Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, and U.S. Senatehttps://clerk.house.gov/Votes
    Retrieved October 15, 2026 · Public domain
  7. 7
    Read October 13, 2026
  8. 8
    On Passage of the Bill
  9. 9
    On Passage of the Bill
  10. 10
    On Passage of the Bill
  11. 11
    On Passage of the Bill
  12. 12
    On the Joint Resolution
  13. 13
    On the Joint Resolution
  14. 14
    On the Joint Resolution
  15. 15
    Read October 13, 2026
  16. 16
    Read October 13, 2026
  17. 17
    On Passage of the Bill
  18. 18
    On Passage of the Bill
  19. 19
    Read October 13, 2026
  20. 20
    On the Joint Resolution
  21. 21
    On the Joint Resolution
  22. 22
    On the Joint Resolution
  23. 23
    On the Joint Resolution
  24. 24
    On the Joint Resolution
  25. 25
    Read October 13, 2026
  26. 26
    Read October 13, 2026
  27. 27
    On Passage of the Bill
  28. 28
    Read October 13, 2026
  29. 29
    On Passage of the Bill
  30. 30
    On Passage of the Bill
  31. 31
    On the Joint Resolution
  32. 32
    On the Joint Resolution
  33. 33
    On the Joint Resolution
  34. 34
    On the Motion
  35. 35
    On Passage of the Bill
  36. 36
    Computed by the FEC · Retrieved October 15, 2026
  37. 37
    Bulk file pas226 · Retrieved October 16, 2026
  38. 38
    Gifts over $200 that campaigns must itemize · Retrieved October 13, 2026