Radical Entertainment

1991–2000: Origin and early history

Radical Entertainment co-founders Ian Wilkinson and Rory Armes previously worked for Distinctive Software during the late 1980s. When Distinctive Software was acquired by Electronic Arts in 1991, Wilkinson and Armes took the opportunity to form their own company. Radical Entertainment was established in September 1991 in the Yaletown district of Vancouver. The studio primarily developed Nintendo Entertainment System ports and adaptations of other video games, peaking at eight projects in 1994.

Mike Ribero left his position as Sega of America's vice president of sales and marketing to become CEO of Radical Entertainment in 1996. Following the 1996 release of The Divide: Enemies Within, programmer Alex Garden and composer Paul Ruskay would leave Radical Entertainment to respectively establish the game developer Relic Entertainment and the audio facility Studio Labs X. In 1997, the company expanded by launching a San Francisco office that was used for game production and development of new titles, which was at one point, being America's largest video game developer, this was closed on September 25, 1998. More employees left Radical to start out Barking Dog Studios in 1998.

In May 1998, the company announced a partnership with The Walt Disney Company and ESPN to launch ESPN Digital Games, a new line of video sports games. Under this agreement, Radical would develop, publish, and market the games worldwide, with Buena Vista Home Entertainment handling North American distribution. In October 1998, Electronic Arts acquired one of these titles, X Games Pro Boarder, from Disney Interactive. The company hit a series of mass layoffs on October 20, 1998, which was called "Black Tuesday", a move often compared to the past layoffs of Park Place Productions in 1993 and Malibu Interactive in 1994. Paul Tremblay and other employees founded Black Box Games after Black Tuesday, which developed its first title NHL 2K in 2000. MTV Sports: Pure Ride, a snowboarding game published by THQ, was released on September 28, 2000.

2001–2005: Mainstream success

On 11 May 2001, Radical Entertainment and SPY Wireless Media announced an agreement to develop a wireless content management solution enabling SPY's partners and customers to develop new revenue and promotional opportunities by delivering interactive services to the youth market using wireless devices such as cell phones. At E3 2001, Radical Entertainment unveiled The Simpsons: Road Rage, a story-based driving game based on the popular animated series The Simpsons and co-published by Electronic Arts and Fox Interactive, as well as Dark Summit, another THQ-published snowboarding game unique in its action-adventure elements. On 15 August 2001, Radical Entertainment announced the development of a demo application and white paper for Nintendo's upcoming GameCube console. The demo utilized key features of Radical's proprietary Pure3D game engine, while the accompanying white paper provided information on Radical's technical expertise to other game companies. Dark Summit and The Simpsons: Road Rage were released in November 2001. The Simpsons: Road Rage was one of the top ten most rented titles of December 2001 in North America, generating over $500,000 in rental fees for video and game rental outlets in a single week.

In 2003, Radical Entertainment opened a development division, 369 Interactive, which was set to develop multiple titles based on the CSI franchise, in partnership with Ubi Soft.

2005–2008: Acquisition by Vivendi Universal

Although Radical Entertainment developed few titles for Vivendi Universal Entertainment, the titles gained massive success and warranted the company's interest in the developers. In 2004, the company signed an exclusive deal with Vivendi Universal Games to develop new properties and adaptations of existing VU franchises. In 2005, Vivendi acquired Radical Entertainment; however, as described by a former developer at Radical, the mood did not change much and Radical still operated as an independent game developing company. Several former Radical Entertainment employees formed independent studios thereafter, including Vlad Ceraldi, Joel DeYoung, and Steve Bocska, who established Hothead Games in 2006. Wilkinson also left the studio around this time and joined Hothead Games as president and chief executive officer (CEO) in March 2009, replacing Ceraldi. After being acquired by Vivendi, Radical began to make many games such as Scarface: The World Is Yours and The Incredible Hulk: Ultimate Destruction while being published under Vivendi's Sierra Entertainment label. Radical was also given the license to continue development of the Crash Bandicoot franchise which was also published under Sierra Entertainment. Radical took over the development of Crash Tag Team Racing from Traveller's Tales. Due to the success of Crash Tag Team Racing, Radical started the development of Crash of the Titans and proclaimed that "Crash was home at Radical" stating that Radical would develop all further Crash games. The critical and commercial success of Crash of the Titans spawned one more sequel, Crash: Mind over Mutant, which managed to both critically beat its predecessor as well as commercially. During the development of Crash: Mind over Mutant, Radical began working on Prototype.

2008–2022: Acquisition by Activision, Prototype games, and layoffs

When Vivendi Games merged with Activision to form Activision Blizzard in 2008, Vivendi's former studios, including Radical Entertainment, became part of Activision. At the time, Radical Entertainment was developing four games, including Crash: Mind over Mutant and Prototype. Activision laid off around 100 people, half of the studio's staff, and canceled the two unannounced projects. One of these was Treadstone, a game set in the Jason Bourne universe. Activision was not interested in the property and sold it back to Ludlum Entertainment, which subsequently licensed it to Electronic Arts.

In February 2010, Activision laid off around 200 developers from its studios, including roughly 90 at Radical Entertainment, equating to half of the studio's workforce at the time. A sequel to Prototype, Prototype 2, was released in April 2012. In the United States, it was the best-selling game of its release month. However, Activision considered the game a commercial failure; on 28 June 2012, the company announced a "significant reduction in staff" at Radical Entertainment that would see the studio cease development of its own games and only support other Activision studios going forward. While some reports, including that of former Radical Entertainment senior audio director Rob Bridgett, indicated that the studio had closed, Activision stated that it would remain open with the reduced staff. Activision and Radical Entertainment re-iterated this statement in September that year. The Microsoft Windows port of Prototype 2 was released in July 2012. On 15 December 2013, Radical Entertainment's incorporated status was dissolved by the Canadian government for non-compliance under section 212 of the Canadian Business Corporations Act. Despite this, all that was left of Radical Entertainment was a team of 6 employees, whose subsequent work would be credited under Activision Vancouver.